What is Water Hardness?

Water hardness is a common term used to describe the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water. These minerals are naturally picked up as water moves through soil and rock layers, such as limestone and gypsum.

The more calcium and magnesium the water contains, the "harder" it is. Hard water is not considered a health risk. In fact, it can contribute a small amount to dietary mineral needs. However, it can cause some practical problems. You might notice a white, chalky buildup (limescale) inside your kettle or on your showerhead. It can also reduce the lathering of soap, leading to higher consumption of detergents.

Conversely, water with low levels of these minerals is called "soft" water. Soft water lathers easily with soap and does not cause scale buildup.

Water hardness is usually measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm). Understanding water hardness helps in deciding if a water softener is needed for household appliances or for improving water taste and texture.

While hard water is not generally a health hazard, its high mineral content can lead to a range of practical and economic problems in households and industries.

1. Scale Buildup
The most common issue is limescale. When hard water is heated, calcium and magnesium precipitate out, forming a hard, chalky deposit. This scale can clog pipes, reduce water flow, and insulate heating elements in appliances like kettles, water heaters, and washing machines. This insulation forces appliances to work harder, increasing energy bills and shortening their lifespan.

2. Problems with Cleaning
Hard water reacts with soap to form "soap scum," a sticky curd that does not dissolve easily. This leads to several annoyances:

• Reduced Lathering: More soap or detergent is needed to create a lather.

• Dull Laundry: Soap scum can get trapped in fabrics, making clothes feel stiff and look faded.

• Filmy Surfaces: Dishes, glassware, and bathroom surfaces can be left with spots and a residue even after rinsing, requiring more effort to clean.

3. Skin and Hair Concerns
The soap scum that forms on your skin can clog pores and strip away natural oils, potentially leading to dryness, irritation, or exacerbating conditions like eczema. For hair, it can leave a film that makes it feel less clean, look dull, and become difficult to manage.

In conclusion, while high water hardness is not a direct threat to health, it causes significant inefficiencies, increases household costs, and can negatively impact daily comfort and appliance longevity.