Health Risks of High Ammonia Nitrogen in Drinking Water

Excessive ammonia nitrogen levels in drinking water pose significant health and environmental threats that demand attention.

The primary concern is its conversion into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻) within water distribution systems or the human body. Nitrites react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, reducing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. This is especially dangerous for infants, causing "blue baby syndrome" (methemoglobinemia), which can be fatal. Furthermore, nitrates and nitrites can form N-nitroso compounds, known potent carcinogens, increasing long-term cancer risks.

Beyond direct health effects, high ammonia levels indicate potential contamination sources like sewage or agricultural runoff, suggesting the possible presence of other harmful pathogens (bacteria, viruses) or chemicals.

Environmentally, discharged ammonia-rich water contributes to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. This fuels excessive algae growth, depletes oxygen, harms fish and other organisms, and degrades water quality.

For water treatment facilities, high ammonia increases complexity and cost. More chlorine is needed for disinfection (leading to higher levels of disinfection by-products, some of which are also health concerns), and specialized treatment processes become necessary.

Therefore, effectively monitoring and controlling ammonia nitrogen levels in drinking water sources and treatment systems is crucial for safeguarding public health, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring sustainable water management.